A historical and descriptive introduction. Local practice varies; the examples below are not a judgment of a community’s faithfulness.
When and how it began
These ancient churches developed in Egypt, Armenia, Syria, Ethiopia, and other regions. Disagreement over the Council of Chalcedon in 451 contributed to separation from churches that accepted its formulation about Christ.
Beliefs and practices
They affirm Christ’s full humanity and divinity, following the language associated with Cyril of Alexandria. Sacraments, fasting, prayer, and monastic life are important. It is inaccurate to describe them simply as believing Jesus was only divine.
A typical worship service
Historic liturgies feature Scripture, chant, Eucharist, and often incense. The order, language, music, and gestures depend on the particular church.
What the worship space looks like
Crosses, images, sanctuary screens or curtains, and liturgical vestments are common; forms differ among traditions.
Branches and differences
Includes Coptic, Armenian Apostolic, Syriac, Ethiopian, Eritrean, and Malankara Orthodox churches. They are not the same family as Eastern Orthodox churches, despite their shared “Orthodox” name.
Sources & further reading
Historical overviews support the account of origins. Official church documents describe the community’s own beliefs and practice.
Reviewed September 24, 2026. Broad family descriptions do not settle local policies or every contested point of history.